Effect of Anti-Oxidative of Ethyl Pyruvate and Taurine on the Red Blood Cell Storage at 4 ℃ / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the anti-oxidative effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) and taurine (TAU) on the quality of red blood cells stored at 4±2 ℃, hemolysis, energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation of the red blood cells in the preservation solution were studied at different intervals.@*METHODS@#At 4±2 ℃, the deleukocyte red blood cells were stored in the citrate-phosphate-dextrosesaline-adenine-1 (CPDA-1) preservation (control group), preservation solution with EP (EP-AS), and TAU (TAU-AS) for long-term preservation. The enzyme-linked immunoassay and automatic blood cell analyzer were used to detect hemolysis and erythrocyte parameters. Adenine nucleoside triphosphate (ATP), glycerol 2,3-diphosphate (2,3-DPG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) kits were used to test the ATP, 2,3-DPG and MDA concentration.@*RESULTS@#During the preservation, the rate of red blood cell hemolysis in EP-AS and TAU-AS groups were significantly lower than that in CPDA-1 group (P<0.01). The MCV of EP-AS group was increased with the preservation time (r=0.71), while the MCV of the TAU-AS group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). The concentration of ATP and MDA in EP-AS and TAU-AS groups were significantly higher than that in CPDA-1 group at the 14th day (P<0.01). The concentrations of 2,3-DPG in the EP-AS and TAU-AS groups were significantly higher than that in the CPDA-1 group from the 7th day (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EP and TAU can significantly reduce the red blood cell hemolysis rate, inhibit the lipid peroxidation level of red blood cells, and improve the energy metabolism of red blood cells during storage. The mechanism of EP and TAU may be related to their antioxidation and membrane protection effect, so as to improve the red blood cell quality and extend the preservation time.

Safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous blood purification treatment of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

The aim of this study was to discuss the safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on continuous blood purification (CBP) during the treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Thirty-five patients with MODS were divided into two groups: the local citrate anticoagulation (RCA) group, and the heparin-free blood purification (hfBP) group. The MODS severity was assessed according to Marshall's MODS score criteria. Blood coagulation indicators, blood pressure, filter lifespan, filter replacement frequency, anticoagulation indicators, and main metabolic and electrolyte indicators were analyzed and compared between RCA and hfBP groups. RCA resulted in lower blood pressure than hfBP. The filter efficacy in RCA treatment was longer than in the hfBP group. The blood clearance of creatine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid was better in the RCA group. RCA also led to higher pH than hfBP. Neither treatment resulted in severe bleeding events. In addition, MODS score was positively correlated with prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time but negatively correlated with platelet concentration. RCA is a safer and more effective method in CBP treatment; however, it could also lead to low blood pressure and blood alkalosis.

A Randomized, Open Label, Multicentre Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Cough Mixture CS1 (Pholcodeine and Promethazine - Tixylix) Versus CS2 (Noscapine, Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Citrate) in Treatment of Children with Dry Cough.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of cough mixture containing pholcodeine and promethazine - Tixylix (CS1) to a cough mixture which has noscapine, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate (CS2) as its constituents in treatment of children suffering from dry cough. A total of 208 patients were enrolled at 4 sites. Of these, 179 (94 receiving CS1 and 99 receiving CS2) completed the study. Results of this study suggest that both the cough mixtures were comparable as per evaluation of their primary parameters. According to global assessment for efficacy and tolerability by parents on Day 7, Group CS1 performed better than CS2. It was also observed that no AE was reported in Group CS1 as compared to 2 AEs in Group CS2. To conclude, cough mixture combination of pholcodeine and promethazine - Tixylix exhibited efficacy and safety that was comparable with cough mixture which has noscapine, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate. It was proven to be efficacious, safe and well tolerated in the select population.

Effect of sodium citrate ingestion on oxygen debt & exercise endurance during supramaximal exercise.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Administration of alkalinizing agents has been shown to improve performance in high intensity exercise. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether sodium citrate ingestion enhances supramaximal endurance performance on a cycle ergometer and to assess its effect on oxygen debt incurred for the same supramaximal energy output. METHODS: Ten untrained, healthy, males performed acute intense bicycle ergometry exercise in two sessions viz., without (control) and with sodium citrate ingestion (experimental) in a dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight. Pre-exercise O2 consumption, pulse rate (PR) and respiratory rate (RR)/minute were recorded before both sessions. Exhaustion time (ET) was noted and work done calculated in the control session. Post-exercise PR and RR/min were also recorded in both sessions of study. Venous blood samples were drawn post-exercise and analysed for pH and lactate. O2 debt incurred was calculated in both sessions. RESULTS: Work output in supramaximal exercise averaged 69.40 +/- 15.31 Watts in the control session. None of the subjects in the experimental session complained of fatigue even when the exhaustion time noted in the control session was reached. Post-exercise tachycardia and tachypnoea were both significantly less (P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively) in subjects after the experimental session as compared to the control. O2 debt incurred and lowering of blood pH were also significantly less (P<0.001) in the post-citrate phase. However, serum lactate increased significantly (P<0.05) in subjects after the experimental session. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Ingestion of sodium citrate prior to supramaximal exercise resulted in a reduction in post exercise O2 debt incurred. Blood pH was almost normal despite a higher serum lactate concentration. This probably led to an enhancement in exercise performance.

Existe vantagem em utilizar o citrato de clomifene em pacientes ovuladoras? / Is there any advantage in using clomiphene citrate in patients with ovulatory cicles?

Retrospectiva: O citrato de clomifene tem sido utilizado em pacientes ovuladoras com a intençao de melhorar os índices de gravidez. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar as variaços hormonais (LH e androstenediona), as respostas ovariana (número de folículos dominantes e índice de ovulaçao) e endometrial (espessura) e os índices de gravidez obtidos por diferentes doses de citrato de clomifene e em ciclos espontâneos, em pacientes com ciclos ovulatórios. Casuistica e Metodos: Foram estudadas 38 pacientes com esterilidade sem causa aparente, tratadas de 4 maneiras: citrato de clomifene 25 mg/dia (1O pacientes), citrato de clomifene 50 mg/dia (9 pacientes), citrato de clomifene 100 mg/dia (3 pacientes) e ciclo espontâneo (1O pacientes). Resultados: Houve somente diferença estatisticamente significativa em relaçao à espessura do endométrio (p

Inhibition of bovine brain acetylcholinesterase by aluminum

We report the in vitro inhibitory effect of very low concentrations of aluminum salts (IC50 = 4.1 x 10-12M) on bovine brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enzymatic assays were performed using acetylcholine bromide in a buffered pH 7.4 solution at 37§C. The relevant enzyme interacting species is the Al3+ ion, whose concentrations were fixed at pM levels by a citrate metal ion buffer system. The IC50 demonstrates that Al3+ is a potent inhibitor of AChE

A simple method using the light microscope to visualize spermatozoon tail swelling in the hypo-osmotic test

The functional integrity of the sperm (SPTZ) membrane is believed to be an important factor in fertilization. This function was assessed by Jeyendran et al. (Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 70:219-228, 1984), who concluded that when SPTZ from normal fertile men are exposed to a hypo-osmotic solution with an ionic strength of 0.15 mol/l, 60 percent or more will exhibit tail swelling. Essentially no changes have occurred in the test procedure since it was first published, except that SPTZ could be fixed after exposure to the hypo-osmotic solution and observed at a later time using a phase-contrast microscope. We describe here a simple test which does not require phase-contrast microscopy to a read a stained preparation after the hypo-osmotic test. A drop of semen preincubated in the hypo-osmotic medium of Jeyendran et al. and fixed with 18.5 percent formalin is placed on an albumin-coated slide. A second (spreader) slide is placed on the first as a coverslip and pulled forward at moderate speed until all the sperm has been spread into a moderately thin film. The preparation is then air dried and submitted to Papanicolaou staining. The slide can be read at any time after staining with a light microscope and provides permanent documentation

Role of iron in the virulence of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Cuddalore coastal waters (India).

V. vulnificus strains isolated from different sources of Cuddalore coastal waters were tested for their virulence activity through their LD50 values in mice. As infections of V. vulnificus have been correlated with pre-existing liver disease and hemochromatosis, the role of iron on virulence was determined using. iron overloaded mice. The LD50 was in the range of 10(4)-10(7) cells in normal mice but 10(1)-10(2) cells in iron-injected mice, thus providing evidence that iron may play a major role in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus.

Esvaziamento gástrico e acidose metabólica: III. Estudo da retençäo gástrica de uma soluçäo de citrato de sódio, utilizando um modelo experimental de acidose metabólica em ratos / Gastric emptying and metabolic acidosis: III. Study of gastric retention of a sodium citrate solution using an experimental model of metabolic acidosis in rats

O esvaziamento gástrico de uma soluçäo de citrato de sódio 0,25 mEq/ml, acrescida de fenol vermelho (6mg/dl), foi estudado em raias Wistar com acidose metabólica, induzida por infusäo orogástrica prévia de soluçäo de cloreto de amônio 0,5M. Como grupos controles foram utilizados animais com infusäo orogástrica prévia de soluçäo de cloreto de sódio 0,5M de água. Nas refeiçöes právias e de prova, o volume empregado foi de 2ml/100g de peso animal. As retençöes gástricas foram avaliadas 6 horas após a infusäo das refeiçöes prévias, nos tempos de 5, 10, 20 e 30 minutos, pela avaliaçäo da concentraçäo do marcador presente no resíduo gástrico. Os resultados mostraram que as retençöes gástricas da soluçäo de citrato de sódio, nos animais com acidose metabólica, näo mostraram diferenças significativas em relaçäo aos controles. Os resultados sugerem uma açäo preponderante do mecanismo de receptores duodenais para o pH da refeiçäo sobre as possíveis alteraçöes da acidose metabólica, impostas à motilidade gastrica

Effect of citrate feeding on free radical induced changes in experimental urolithiasis.

Feeding calculi producing diet (CPD) to rats for 4 weeks produced calcium oxaltate stones. Supplementation of sodium citrate to CPD (c-CPD) prevented stone formation. Except oxalate, the excretion of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was restored to normal in c-CPD fed rats. The CPD fed rats exhibited increase in glycolic acid oxidase (GAO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and only GAO activity was partially restored in c-CPD fed rats. Kidney sub-cellular fractions of calculi producing diet (CPD) fed rats showed increased susceptibility for lipid peroxidation in presence of promotors. Antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase and antioxidant concentrations of reduced glutathione, total thiols, ascorbic acid and vitamin E were significantly decreased while the xanthine oxidase activity, and concentrations of hydroxyl radical, diene conjugates and hydroperoxides were significantly increased in CPD fed rats. The susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the concentration of antioxidants were not normalized by feeding citrate.

Restoration of antioxidants in liver by methionine feeding in experimental rat urolithiasis.

The effect of methionine or citrate on antioxidant defense system has been studied in urolithic rat. Liver weight and its protein concentration did not change in the rats fed with calculi producing diet (CPD) when compared to normal diet fed rats. Feeding rats along with citrate (c-CPD) or methionine (m-CPD) improved their body weight gain. Liver microsomes and mitochondria fractions of CPD and c-CPD fed groups showed increased susceptibility for lipid peroxidation in presence of ascorbate and t-butyl hydroperoxide when compared to either control or m-CPD fed groups. Increased superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase activities, decreased catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione, total thiols, ascorbic acid and vitamin-E and increased formation of hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxides and diene conjugates were observed in the liver of both CPD fed group as well as c-CPD fed group. Except SOD and xanthine oxidase, all other parameters were normalized in m-CPD fed group. This suggested that feeding methionine reduced the susceptibility for lipid peroxidation by restoration of the level of free radical scavengers.

Influência de diferentes citratos na prevençäo da cárie dentária em ratos (Rattus norvegicus, var-albinus) / Influence of different citrates on the prevention of dental caries in rats (Rattus novergicus, var-albinus)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes citratos na incidência de cárie em ratos (Rattus norvegicus, var-albinus). Para tal, foram utilizados 96 ratos (48 machos e 48 fêmeas) com 21 dias de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos com 16 animais cada: G.I - dieta cariogênica (controle); G.II - dieta cariogênica + citrato de cálcio 1 por cento; G.III - dieta cariogênica + citrato de magnésio 0,9 por cento; G.IV - dieta cariogênica + citrato de potássio 0,65 por cento; G.V - dieta cariogênica + citrato de amônio bibásico, 0,45 por cento; G.VI - dieta cariogênica + ácido cítrico 0,38 por cento. A dieta cariogênica utilizada foi a 2000 a, proposta por REGOLATI; MUHLHEMANN 45. Os animais de todos os grupos, foram pesados inicialmente aos 21 dias de idade e depois semanalmente até atingirem 64 dias de idade após o que, foram sacrificados. Os segmentos ósseos maxilares e mandibulares foram removidos hemisseccionados e preparados para o exame das lesöes de cárie de sulco de molares segundo o método de KEYES 21. Os dados obtidos foram anotados em fichas apropriadas para posteriormente serem analisados estatisticamente, através de um teste näo paramétrico a um modelo de análise de variância a um critério de Kruskal-Wallis, permitindo desta maneira concluir que: - O íon citrato apresenta efeito anticariogênico. - O ácido cítrico, demonstrou um maior efeito na reduçäo da cárie dentária quando comparado aos sais de citrato, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes. - Os sais de citrato reduziram a incidência de cárie, a nível de significância estatística, porém, quando comparados entre si, näo demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. - Os diferentes tratamentos recebidos pelos ratos durante todo o período experimental näo alteraram o ganho de peso desses animais

Taste disorder in hypo and hyperthyroidism.

Gustatory responses to the basic taste substances (sweet, salty, sour and bitter) were studied in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. The intensity and hedonic responses were evaluated using "category scaling" for 7 concentrations of glucose, sodium chloride, citric acid and quinine sulphate. The intensity and hedonic values decrease in hyperthyroidism for salt and bitter solution, and sourness is perceived as more unpleasant. In hypothyroid subjects intensity and hedonic value decreases for sweetness, the pleasant responses to salt and bitter increase, though intensity perception decreases for bitter solutions.

Efeito de polifosfatos e de citrato sobre Lactococcus lactis e seu bacteriófago / Effect of polyphosphates and citrate on Lactococcus lactis and its bacteriophage

Os bacteriófagos podem causar a destruiçäo das bactérias láticas. Foram estudadas 35 formulaçöes de meios de cultura para Lactococcus com a capacidade de reduzir a infecçäo pelos bacteriófagos. Diferentes concentraçöes de polifosfatos ou misturas de polifosfatos e citrato, ambas associadas ou näo a fatores de crescimento bacteriano, foram testadas. Os parâmetros utilizados para comparaçäo entre os meios foram: capacidade tamponante, crescimento de L. lacts subsp. lactis ITAL 353 e a capacidade de inibir a multiplicaçäo do bacteriófago virulento 025. O leite desnatado a 12% foi usado como controle. Verificou-se que todos os meios possuíam boa capacidade tamponante. As concentraçöes acima de 6% de polifosfatos inibiram o crescimento bacteriano, exceto onde estavam presentes de 1% a 1,5% de extrato de levedura. Quatro meios contendo 5% de polifosfatos e um meio contendo também 5% de polifosfatos e 0,4% de citrato foram considerados adequados para inbir a multiplicaçäo de bacteriófagos e promover bom crescimento bacteriano

Gustatory differences in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid tasters and non-tasters.

Gustatory differences in Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasters and non-tasters were studied in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. After presenting for PTC sensitivity, gustatory responses to 7 dilutions of test solutions for glucose (sweet), sodium chloride (salt), citric acid (sour) and quinine sulphate (bitter) were studied in PTC tasters and non-tasters. The intensity and pleasantness responses for 4 basic tastes were measured on a 7-point and 6-point category scale respectively. Sixty percent of subjects of hyperthyroid and 40% of hypothyroid subjects were tasters. Hypothyroid subjects showed more gustatory differences as compared to hyperthyroids. The diminished intensity perception for sweet and bitter taste was much more prominent in non-tasters than tasters hypothyroids. The greater hedonic value for salt was largely observed among hypothyroid tasters.

Inhibitory effect of different anticoagulants on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity

Increased gama-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels have been observed in pacients with several types of liver diseases. However, since GGT activity can be inhibited or incrased by several substances, the interpretation of these increased levels should be made with caution. The present study was designed to determine plasma GGT activity in blood samples obtained from 24 adult volunters (13 males and 11 females aged 20 to 40 years) with the use of three different anticoagulants, i.e., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium fluoride and calcium citrate, and to compare it with GGT activity in serum obtanied from the same blood samples. Serum GGT activity wa significantly higher than plasma GGT activity (P < 0.001) and singnificantly higher in men than in women (P < 0.05), though plasma GGT activity was similar for both sexes

Antiestrogênios / Antiestrogens

Os antiestrogênios podem ser utilizados atualmente como terapêutica adjuvante em pacientes acometidos pelo câncer de mama. É apresentada uma revisäo dos principais aspectos e das características farmacológicas e clínicas dos antiestrogênios

Antitumor effects of Rhodium (II) citrate in mice bearing Chrlich tumors

Rhodium II citrate was tested in mice for acute toxicity, antitumoral activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and inhibition of DNA synthesis by Ehrlich tumor, malignant adrenocortical cells (Y-1) and normal adrenocortical cells (AR-1)_. At ip doses up to 260 mg/Kg, the compound had no toxic effects for up to 14 days. The same total dose given over 4 days significantly increased the survial rat of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites cells. Thymidine incorporation by Ehrlkich tumor, Y-1 cells in vitro was inhibited 50% by a.1 to 0.2 mM concentrations of the compound. We conclude that the increase survival of the tumor-bearing mice was due at least in part to the inhibition of DNA synthesis with a consequet reduction of cell division and tumor growth

Citrato e urolitíase / Citrate and urolithiasis

Existem substâncias naturais na urina com propriedades inibitórias sobre a formaçäo de cálculos urinários. Uma das mais estudadas é o citrato, um ácido orgânico natural capaz de inibir "in vitro" o crescimento de cristais de fosfato e oxalato de cálcio. Estudos em portadores de cálculos urinários de cálcio mostraram a ocorrência de níveis baixos de citrato urinário e a possibilidade de tratamento com citrato de potássio via oral. Os autores revisaram o papel do citrato na inibiçäo da formaçäo de cálculos urinários de cálcio, juntamente com uma descriçäo do seu metabolismo, métodos de detecçäo, ocorrência de hipocitratúria e sua correçäo